(1) The "mystery metal" is a mystery to me, too, but I'll bet somebody here will recognize it.
(2) The longer screws on the oil pan are there to protrude through the flange on the block and provide a place to fasten (with a 1/4"-20 nut) clips to hold tubing that serves the engine. If I remember correctly, the one by the exhaust is for the oil gauge line and the one by the breather is for the fuel line.... but I'm not near the car now to be sure.
(3) Most important is to be sure you use a brush and Go-Jo to clean under your fingernails before you go into the house for dinner -- it will save lots of hassle.

Seriously, the sludge you describe is common. Just a good thorough cleaning of the oil pan is a great start. The other place tha sludge collects heavily is in the galleries above the main bearings. If you reach up into the block above the three main bearings, you'll find little "pans" in the casting which are used to collect oil and gravity drain it down to the mains. If you can give them a good cleanout too, it's a good idea.
Hope that helps.....
All the Best, Chip